Cervical Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Vaccine & Treatment

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is commonly caused by persistent infection with certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus. Cervical cancer typically develops slowly over time, beginning with precancerous changes in the cervix that, if left untreated, can progress to cancer. Early stages often present no symptoms, but as the disease advances, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or pain during intercourse. Regular screening through Pap tests and HPV tests is crucial for early detection and successful treatment. Vaccination against HPV can also significantly reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer.

Types of cervical cancer

There are two main types of cervical cancer:

1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This type accounts for about 90% of cervical cancers. It originates in the squamous cells that line the outer part of the cervix, which is the area where the cervix meets the vagina. This form of cancer tends to develop slowly over time and can often be detected early through regular Pap tests.
2. Adenocarcinoma: This type makes up most of the remaining cases of cervical cancer and arises from the glandular cells that line the cervical canal. Adenocarcinoma is more challenging to detect with standard screening tests because it develops higher in the cervix.

What is the cervix?

The cervix is the lowest part of your uterus (where a baby grows during pregnancy). It looks a little bit like a donut and connects your uterus to the opening of your vagina. It’s covered in tissues made up of cells. These healthy cells can grow and change into precancer cells.

Most common signs and symptoms of cervical cancer?

The signs and symptoms of cervical cancer can vary, but some of the most common ones include. Cervical treatment in Gurgaon:

1. Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding: This includes bleeding between periods, after menopause, or after sexual intercourse. It can also involve unusually heavy or longer menstrual periods.
2. Pelvic Pain: This may occur during intercourse or at other times, and it can range from a dull ache to sharp pains.
3. Unusual Vaginal Discharge: This may be watery, bloody, or have a foul odor, especially if it occurs between menstrual periods or after menopause.
4. Painful Urination: This can be a symptom if the cancer has spread to nearby tissues and organs.
5. Pain in the Pelvis or Lower Back: This can occur when the cancer has spread beyond the cervix.
6. Weight Loss: Unexplained weight loss can sometimes accompany advanced cervical cancer.

If cancer has spread to nearby tissues or organs, symptoms may include:

• Difficult or painful urination, sometimes with blood in urine.
• Diarrhea, or pain or bleeding from your rectum when pooping.
• Fatigue, loss of weight and appetite.
• A general feeling of illness.
• Dull backache or swelling in your legs.
• Pelvic/abdominal pain.

What causes Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is primarily caused by persistent infection with certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a sexually transmitted infection, and while there are many types of HPV, not all of them cause cervical cancer. The high-risk strains, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18, are responsible for most cases of cervical cancer. However, the presence of HPV alone does not mean that you will develop cervical cancer; most HPV infections resolve on their own without causing serious health issues.

Several other factors can increase the risk of developing cervical cancer:

1. Smoking: Tobacco use is linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer, as it can damage the DNA of cervical cells and weaken the immune system.
2. Weak Immune System: Conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medications, can increase the risk of HPV infections leading to cervical cancer.
3. Multiple Sexual Partners: Having many sexual partners increases the risk of contracting HPV, which in turn raises the risk of developing cervical cancer.
4. Early Sexual Activity: Engaging in sexual activity at a young age increases the likelihood of HPV infection.
5. Long-Term Use of Oral Contraceptives: Long-term use of birth control pills has been associated with a higher risk of cervical cancer.
6. Other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Having other STIs, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, can increase the risk of HPV infection and subsequent cervical cancer.
7. Family History: A family history of cervical cancer can increase the risk, suggesting that genetic factors may play a role.

What tests can check for cervical cancer?

Pap Test (Pap Smear): This is the primary screening tool for cervical cancer. During a Pap test, cells are gently scraped from the cervix and examined under a microscope to detect precancerous or cancerous changes. HPV Test: This test detects the presence of high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) that are most commonly associated with cervical cancer. It can be done simultaneously with a Pap test (co-testing) or separately.

Colposcopy: If abnormal results are found in a Pap test or HPV test, a colposcopy may be performed. This procedure uses a colposcope (a special magnifying instrument) to closely examine the cervix for abnormal areas. If suspicious areas are seen, a biopsy may be taken.

Cervical Biopsy: During a biopsy, a small sample of cervical tissue is removed and examined under a microscope. There are different types of biopsies, including punch biopsy, endocervical curettage, and cone biopsy, each varying in depth and extent of tissue removal.

Cervical Cancer Treatment in Gurgaon by Dr Preeti Rastogi

Dr. Preeti Rastogi offers comprehensive cervical cancer treatment in Gurgaon. She provides personalized care using the latest medical advancements. Her approach includes early detection through Pap smears and HPV tests, followed by a detailed diagnostic process involving colposcopy and biopsies if necessary. Treatment options under Dr. Rastogi’s care may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these, tailored to the stage and specifics of the patient’s cancer. Emphasizing a holistic approach, she ensures her patients receive not only medical treatment but also support for their overall well-being throughout the cancer journey

• What is the HPV vaccine, and how does it prevent cervical cancer?
  The HPV vaccine (Human Papillomavirus vaccine) helps protect against the types of HPV that most commonly cause cervical cancer. By preventing HPV infections, the vaccine reduces the risk of cervical cell abnormalities, which can develop into cancer over time.
• What is the papilloma vaccine?
  The papilloma vaccine is another term used for the HPV vaccine. It protects against the Human Papillomavirus, which is responsible for causing genital warts and cervical cancer. Regular vaccination can significantly reduce the risk of developing these conditions.
• Who should get the cervical cancer vaccine?
  The cervical cancer vaccine is recommended for girls and boys starting from the age of 9 to 14 years. It is most effective when administered before an individual becomes sexually active and exposed to the HPV virus.
• What is the best age to get the HPV vaccine?
  The ideal age to receive the HPV vaccine is between 9 and 14 years for both boys and girls. Vaccination at this age ensures maximum protection before exposure to the virus. However, catch-up vaccination can still be given up to age 26.
• Can the HPV vaccine cure cervical cancer?
  The HPV vaccine is a preventive measure and cannot cure cervical cancer. It works by preventing new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or cervical cancer. Early detection and appropriate cervical cancer treatment are essential for curing the disease.
• How effective is the HPV vaccine in preventing cervical cancer?
  The HPV vaccine is highly effective, preventing up to 90% of HPV-related cancers when given before exposure to the virus. It is most effective when the full vaccine series is completed according to the recommended schedule.
• Is there a cure for cervical cancer?
  There is no guaranteed cure for cervical cancer at advanced stages, but it can be treated effectively when detected early. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Regular screenings, such as Pap tests, are crucial for early diagnosis and successful treatment.
• What are the common side effects of the HPV vaccine?
  The HPV vaccine is generally safe and well-tolerated. Common side effects include pain or swelling at the injection site, mild fever, headache, and dizziness. Serious side effects are extremely rare.
• How much does the cervical cancer vaccine cost?
  The cervical cancer vaccine price varies depending on the region and healthcare provider. In India, it typically ranges from ₹2,500 to ₹4,000 per dose. Since the complete vaccination requires 2 to 3 doses, the total cost can be higher.
• What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
  Cervical cancer symptoms often appear in the later stages and may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, and unusual vaginal discharge. Regular screening tests like Pap smears and HPV tests are crucial for early detection.
• How is cervical cancer diagnosed?
  Cervical cancer is diagnosed through a combination of screening tests such as Pap smears and HPV tests, followed by a biopsy if abnormal cells are detected. Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment and a higher chance of recovery.
• What is the treatment for cervical cancer?
  Cervical cancer treatment options depend on the stage of the cancer. Early-stage cervical cancer may be treated with surgery alone, while advanced stages may require a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
• Can men get the HPV vaccine?
  Yes, the HPV vaccine is recommended for boys and men as well. It helps prevent genital warts, anal cancer, and other HPV-related cancers. Vaccinating boys also helps reduce the overall transmission of the virus.
• Is the HPV vaccine safe?
  Yes, the HPV vaccine is considered safe and has been rigorously tested in clinical trials. It has been used worldwide for more than a decade and is endorsed by major health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
• Can the HPV vaccine be given to adults?
  The HPV vaccine can be given to adults up to the age of 45, although it is most effective when administered before exposure to the virus. Adults who have not been previously vaccinated and are at risk of HPV exposure can benefit from the vaccine.
• What is the cervix, and why is it important?
  The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It plays a critical role in reproductive health and childbirth. The health of the cervix is crucial, as it is a common site for HPV infections and the development of cervical cancer.
• Is the HPV vaccine mandatory?
  The HPV vaccine is not mandatory in most countries but is strongly recommended as part of routine vaccinations for adolescents. Some regions may require the vaccine for school entry, so it’s advisable to check local regulations.
• Does the HPV vaccine provide lifetime protection?
  The HPV vaccine provides long-lasting protection, but it is not known if it offers lifetime immunity. Studies show that protection lasts for at least 10 years, and ongoing research aims to determine the need for booster doses.
• Can the HPV vaccine prevent other cancers?
  Yes, the HPV vaccine can prevent other cancers caused by HPV, such as anal, oropharyngeal (throat), vulvar, and vaginal cancers. This broad protection makes it beneficial for both men and women.
• Where can I get the HPV vaccine?
  The HPV vaccine is available at hospitals, health clinics, and gynecology centers. You can also inquire about vaccination programs at public health departments and school-based health centers. Consult your doctor for guidance on the best place to receive the vaccine in your area.